There Are No Children Here By Kotlowitz Essay - 1236 Words

In There Are No Children Here, Kotlowitz describes the experiences of Pharoah and Lafayette to highlight the racist and classist undertones existing within the criminal justice system of Chicago in the late 1980s. This essay will utilize the theory of critical criminology to illustrate the structures of inequality within the criminal justice system and the subsequent marginalization of youth that exists within the Henry Horner community, leading to youth deviance and violent crime. Beginning with a brief outline of the major characteristics of critical theory, the essay will then address the increasing focus on gang involvement as an explanation for inner-city youth crime, using examples from the Disciples and Vice Lord gangs, and how that focus demonstrates the bias and inequality within the criminal justice system. Next, the necessity of the Henry Horner community creating a system of â€Å"self-help† will be analyzed, a result of the perceived inadequacy of the criminal jus tice system in addressing the problems that the community faces. The theory of critical criminology demonstrates how structures of inequality are represented in the criminal justice system: the incessant focus on gangs and inadequacy of the system to provide protection causes the marginalization of youth like Pharoah and Lafayette, reinforcing instances of youth deviance and crime. The theory of critical criminology looks to examine how â€Å"the criminal justice process contributes to structural inequalitiesShow MoreRelatedThere Are No Children Here By Alex Kotlowitz Essay1933 Words   |  8 PagesRenee Driver CCJS 454 0101 November 22, 2016 Final Paper There are No Children Here, by Alex Kotlowitz, tells a story about the family of LaJoe and Paul Rivers. The book focuses on Lafayette and Pharaoh, two of the younger children in the family, and their interactions with each other, the neighborhood, their family, their friends, and the police. Following the family over three years shows the importance of neighborhood factors when it comes to crime. According to Sampson and Groves (1989)Read MoreThere Are No Children Here By Alex Kotlowitz Essay1909 Words   |  8 PagesThere Are No Children Here by Alex Kotlowitz tells the harrowing story of the Rivers family and their shocking experiences living in an underserved Chicago public housing project. The story focuses on Lafayette, a middle school aged boy discovering his identity, Pharoah, an elementary school aged boy with high ambition and goals, and their resilient mother LaJoe. Matza’s Techniques of Neutralization discuss how people can create rationalizations to justify d elinquencies and crimes. Specifically applicableRead MoreAnalysis Of Alex Kotlowitz s There Are No Children Here1695 Words   |  7 PagesAlex Kotlowitz’s There Are No Children Here is a documentary exploring life in inner-city Chicago during the late 1980’s. The book follows the lives of two African American youth, Lafeyette and Pharoah Rivers, who live in Chicago’s Horner Homes over the course of two years. It tells of a lifestyle that is a reality for many Americans and forces the reader to acknowledge a broken system that so many turn a blind eye toward. Kotlowitz does not sugarcoat the struggles and hardships that the citizensRead MoreKeeping Our Youthfulness in No Children Here by Alex Kotlowitz1459 Words   |  6 PagesThere are No Children Here; by Alex Kotlowitz is a story about two brothers and their mother, Pharaoh, Lafayette and LaJoe Rivers and them growing up in the late 1980s in the (HHH) Henry Horner Homes, a housing project in Chicago. In the story the boys try to retain their youthfulness while they see constant gang violence, death of people close to them and their brother is in jail and their dad is struggling with drug addiction. In Horner, there are two gangs that claim it as their area, and theRead MoreThere Are No Children Here Essays: Style607 Words   |  3 Pages Style of There Are No Children Here There Are No Children Herenbsp; In Kotlowitzs description of the harsh realities of the Chicago projects, three stylistic elements stand out: his precise narration, his bluntness, and his questionable objectivity. These three elements blend to form a unique style that is particularly well-suited for There Are No Children Here. If there is one thing on which critics agree when discussing this book, it is that Kotlowitz is a brilliant narrator. He has aRead More There are no Children Here Essay1736 Words   |  7 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Alex Kotlowitz’s book, There are No Children Here, is a story about two boys, Pharoah and Lafeyette Rivers growing in the late 1980’s in Henry Horner, a housing project in Chicago. The boys try to retain their youth while they see constant gang violence, death of close friends, their brother in jail and their dad struggling with a drug addiction. In Horner, there are two gangs that claim it as their turf, and the Rivers family is constantly ducking from shots of gunfireRead More Effect of Environment in There Are No Children Here Essay633 Words   |  3 PagesEffect of Environment in There Are No Children Here In There are No Children Here, by Alex Kotlowitz, the way of life in Chicagos Henry Horner projects has a profound effect on all the residents who live there. The children become desensitized by the constant violence that they are forced to witness every day. Children are forced to walk home from school through the urban war zone of these housing projects. It is not unusual for the children to run home from school to avoid becoming casualtiesRead More The Effect of Gangs in There Are No Children Here Essay949 Words   |  4 Pagesin There Are No Children Here  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   Throughout There Are No Children Here, a continuous, powerful tension always lurks in the background. The gangs that are rampant in the housing projects of Chicago cause this tension. In the Henry Horner Homes, according to Kotlowitz, one person is beaten, shot, or stabbed due to gangs every three days. In one week during the authors study of the projects, police confiscated 22 guns and 330 grams of cocaine in Horner alone (Kotlowitz 32).    Read MoreDeviance Essay911 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Theories Of Devaince Presented In There Are No Children Here The four theories of deviance are The Learning Theory, The Strain Theory, The Social-Bond Theory and the Labeling Theory. These theories alone can explain the reasoning behind someone’s deviant behavior. But, in There Are No Children Here we see all of these theories being demonstrated. This lets us have an understanding of exactly why we are seeing the deviant behavior that we are. This learning theory is basically the idea thatRead MoreA Photographer By Alex Kotlowitz1761 Words   |  8 PagesAlex Kotlowitz met Lafeyette and Pharoah Rivers in 1985 while working as a journalist. He was interviewing them for a photo essay in Chicago magazine on children living in poverty. The violence that occurred every day where the brothers lived in Governor Henry Horner Homes, or Horner, disturbed Kotlowitz. Lafeyette and Pharoah are 12 and 9 years old at the start of the book but have experienced more than many kids their age. The boys did not seem sure of what life held for them. Lafeyette told

A Role Of Proper Time Management - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 572 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/05/29 Category Management Essay Level High school Topics: Time Management Essay Did you like this example? Did you know that more than half of the United States twelfth graders average twenty or more hours of work per week? Some people say that these after school jobs are beneficial because they give students a sense of responsibility, independence, and time management. As these are all great things to practice, in preparation for real life. However, they can cut into essential schoolwork, family, and personal time. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Role Of Proper Time Management" essay for you Create order Minor inconveniences such as missing a loved oners birthday for work can cause great uproar within a family, and working too much can have a negative effect on a students academic standing. An after school job can cut into schoolwork, which is bad news for anyone. Schoolwork is obviously high up on the list of priorities, and is often neglected in the long run. An after school job can complicate your natural regimen by leaving you with less time to study and complete assignments. As everyone knows, in order to get a decent paying job later in life, finishing high school and some form of college is essential. A report conducted by the Institute of medicine and the National research council found that students who worked as many as fifteen hours per week dropped out of school at higher rates, had lower grades, and were not as likely to attend college. Based on that research, it is exceedingly important to know your limits as a human being, and give yourself the time you need. But schoolwork isnt the only element affected by a rigorous after school job. A students family life can be harmed by a lack of time. Just imagine how you would feel if you sister or brother couldnt make it to your sweet-sixteen because they had to pull a nine to five day at the restaurant. Without using proper time management skills, you could potentially damage the relationships you should in fact hold dearest to your heart. A person who has no family relations is not a happy one, mind you; and those relationships, once torn apart, are immensely hard to reconcile. If you do not practice time management, you may find yourself in a very lonely and somber setting. Now that youve learned about all the negative effects ill-practiced time management can have we coupled with an after school job, its time for you to know about the proper way to manage said time! Proper time management is quite simple really, because the basis of it entirely is; moderation. If you can take everything you do in moderation, you can protect yourself, your life, and your loved ones. For instance, instead of working every day after school, and every day during the weekend, you can limit yourself to one day a week and a full weekend. Or maybe, three days a week and a free weekend! Whichever system you find that works best for you, and gives you optimum time for schoolwork and personal relationships. You can even further your governance and set specific times for studying, or doing homework. Anything that lets you be happy, and still get every job done is the right thing to do. Finding a way to govern your time may seem like grand task at first, but as soon as you start, you will soon see that it is as effortless and necessary as breathing. It also helps you learn great responsibility and independence, which in the end, will be a treasure in itself.

Taking a Look at Escherichia Coli - 805 Words

Escherichia coli is a gram-negative bacillus that is facultatively anaerobic and which is classified as part of the Enterobacteriaceae family. It is most commonly found in the lower intestines of warm blooded organisms although it is capable of surviving outside of the host for an extended time and may be spread through contact of infected fecal matter as well as personal contact with an infected host. Several strains of E. coli live in endotherms as part of the normal flora of the gut and provide their hosts with benefits such as the production of vitamin K2 and the prevention of establishment of the intestines by pathogenic bacteria thereby forming a mutualistic relationship with their hosts. There are five strains of E. coli which can cause gastroenteritis in people through the production of shiga toxins leading to illness and even death. However E. coli has been a large part of many valuable contributions to science for the last 60 years due to its genetic simplicity as well as i ts fast growth and inexpensive culturing requirements. Escherichia coli is a well studied prokaryote and may be considered a foundation of biotechnology with the work of Herbert Boyer and Stanley Norman Cohen who used E. coli plasmids in conjunction with restriction enzymes and produced recombinant DNA.1 Even before the application of the rDNA technology, the first industrial application of E. coli being the production of the amino acid threonine in 1961 by the induced mutagenesis of theShow MoreRelatedAntimicrobial Lab Report1105 Words   |  5 Pagesthe edge of the zone of inhibition. The MIC is determined by comparing the zone of inhibition with the *Table 1 MIC values. The cultures assigned were Staphylococcus aureus (gram positive bacteria), and Escherichia coli (gram negative bacteria). However, results that are shown are from Escherichia coli. The antibiotics used were Bacitracin, Penicillin, Streptomycin, and Tetracycline. The antibacterial reaction as a whole relies upon the relationship between the cell wall and the antibioticRead MoreThe Effects of Environmental Factors on the Absorbance of Escherichia Coli1674 Words   |  7 Pagesbacterium Escherichia coli is being subjected to various environmental factors that affect the rate of growth. These factors scrutinized were the different types of nutrients, the intensity of aeration, or the temperature at which it was stored. The purpose of this lab is to determine which factor affects the Escherichia coli the greatest. It is known that these abiotic factors affect the rate of growth the greatest if they remain at the correct conditions for living. Escherichia coli and otherRead MoreE. Coli ( Coli )955 Words   |  4 PagesBreaking news, 107 persons contacted Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacterial infection after visiting a petting zoo at a North Carolina County fair . . . a 2-year-old boy died. ¹ E. coli bacterial infection is a growing concern for public health officials in the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services and other local health departments. This is the most recent condition on E. coli outbreaks in North Carolina. In 2004, E. coli O157:H7 infection was responsible for making 108 visitors toRead MoreHow A Bacterial Can Make Any Type Of Meat Go Bad912 Words   |  4 Pagestemperatures. A couple to name incorporate E coli, salmonella and Staphylococcus nourishment harming. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is exchanged through the defecation of some kind of species. For instance if a fly grounds on the meat forgot and exchanges defecation to the meat then the microorganisms enters the meat. Regardless of th e fact that the meat is cooked to appropriate temperature, the microscopic organisms can survive and still impact the shopper. E Coli manifestations for the most part start insideRead MoreWhat Are Bacteria And Other Organisms?1458 Words   |  6 Pagespurpose of this project was to be able to identify unknown isolates by differentiating their different physical characteristics using the various physiological tests that we learned to conduct during the semester. The reason why is was so important taking a more organized approach rather than just doing test after test because it would have taken way too long just doing test after test and then gathering all you data at the end to determine what organism you have. It is so much easier and far lessRead MoreCreating an E. Coli Strain to Produce Antivenom Essay example3358 Words   |  14 PagesLipps 2003, Lipps 2008 B). Our solution is to create a universal antivenom is modify a strain of Escherichia coli to produce LT-15 (Lipps Lipps 2005). We will insert the LT-15 gene into a plasmid with a promoter, then transform E. coli with the plasmid and grow the recombinant strain. (Cawood 2013, Cohen et al. 1973, Huang et al. 2012, Lipps 2002 B, Lodish et al. 2000, Muyrersa et al. 2001). These E. coli can then be grown and harvested industrially for LT-15. This is a novel project because thisRead MoreUrinary Tract Infection And Its Effect On The Body System1245 Words   |  5 Pagesa patient who is on a catheter can also get a urinary tract infection. The two types of urinary tract infections are infection of the bladder (Cystitis) and infection of the urethra (urethritis). Cystitis is a type of UTI which is caused by Escherichia coli, a type of bacteria that is normally found in the gastrointestinal tract (www.webmd.com). Although sexual intercourse can cause this type of urinary tract infection, it doesn’t necessarily mean that you have to be sexually active to develop itRead MoreMadison O’Reilly is a 6-year-old Caucasian female who has been brought to the pharmacy’s walk in1200 Words   |  5 PagesDrug Interactions Amoxicillin can interact with medications such as Diuretics, oral contraceptives, Probenecid, Tetracyclines, and Warfarin (Woo, 2012). Drug to Food Interactions There are not currently any drug to food interactions when taking this medication. 4. What patent teaching will you provide? When prescribing medications to children the parent or caregiver needs to be educated on the medication. Amoxicillin is excreted by the kidneys, so while using this medication; the childRead MoreThe Outbreak Of E. Coli2061 Words   |  9 Pages 2005 a major outbreak of the bacterium E. coli perished in the South Wales and more than 157 people were affected by this bacterium, which mainly included the children. The reason found out behind this incident was connected with a meat supplier who used to serve the local schools and old age homes. A five-year-old child lost his life during the course of this outbreak. Therefore, this paper is written with the aim of exploring the outbreak of E. coli in South Wales, to witness the actual reasonsRead MoreEssay on Hsa 5351856 Words   |  8 PagesAssignment 1: Applications of Epidemiology-Case Study HSA 535 Dr. Mountasser Kadrie Strayer University April, 2014 Introduction Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a bacteria usually found in warm blooded organisms such as human and animal intestines. Although there are large groups of E.coli, most strains are harmless. Other strains of the bacteria may cause diarrhea, respiratory illnesses and food poisoning. Some strains such as O157:H7 can cause kidney failure or severe anemia. Exposure to

The Definition Of A Crime - 1459 Words

The definition of a crime is an offensive act against society that violates a law and is punishable by the government. Criminal laws are defined in laws that are called statutes. There are many different types of crime, all of them punishable in different ways. Crimes are labeled based on the severity of the crime and prior criminal records. Cybercrimes are any violations of criminal law that involve a knowledge of computer technology for their perpetration, investigation or prosecution. (Volonino Anzaldua, 2007) Investigating a crime is the process of searching for evidence in hopes of figuring out or reconstructing what happened at the crime scene. Although, when you imagine crime scene investigators, you picture them at the scene of a murder or collecting evidence from someone’s home. Investigators also have to collect evidence for computer crimes though. When a computer is used to commit a crime, or to assist an individual in committing a crime, that device has to be investigated and used for evidence collection the same way a home or other crime scenes are investigated. Individuals across the world continue to commit computer crimes every day. Although, they are much different than violent crimes, computer crimes can still be very dangerous. There are many individuals that possess the skill to access other individual’s devices, containing their personal information, photos and financial information. One main issue with this type of crime is having the ability toShow MoreRelatedDefinition And Description Of Crime1627 Words   |  7 Pageshelp the reader better understand what the theories actually mean and how they are seen in society. The last paragraph of this essay will talk about the social controls of criminals and if formal or informal social control is better. Definition and Description of crime A human being killed by another human is known as homicide. Sometimes homicide and murder can be confused with each other as murder is actually a form of criminal homicide and they are both very similar. Unlike murder other types ofRead MoreCrime Has No Solid Definition1399 Words   |  6 PagesCrime has no solid definition; as what may be considered criminal varies between cultures and countries. Still, many psychologists and sociologists might agree that crime serves a function in society, as it marks the limits of acceptable behaviour. Therefore, something will have to be considered immoral, in-order to preserve social norms and reduce the chaos that can arise due to lawlessness. Acceptable behaviours begin to become instilled in individuals the minute they enter into their society,Read MoreDefinition of White Collar Crime Essay1160 Words   |  5 Pages White collar crime has many definitions, one of the earlier described it as illegal or unethical acts that violate fiduciary (holding or held in trust) responsibility of public trust committed by an individual or organization, usually during the course of legitimate occupational activity, by persons of high or respectable social status for personal or organizational gain. However, as time went on the definitions and variation of the crimes began expanding and a definition did not describe the actRead MoreDefinition Of Situational Crime Prevention2193 Words   |  9 PagesSituational Crime Prevention Module III Mr. Aundra’ M. Segrest University of Cincinnatti March 29, 2015 Weak Defensible Space – CPTED Principles Introduction Physical enhancements and beautification of a neighborhood are important components of both increasing the perception of safety and reducing real crime. The environmental design, conditions around a place and how the place is used can lend opportunity for crime to occur (Taylor, 2002). Crime is everywhere andRead MoreThere Is No One Common Definition For Organized Crime,1214 Words   |  5 PagesThere is no one common definition for organized crime, after extensive research criminologists seem to describe organized crime as, a criminal conspiracy of several persons motivated for economic enrichment. On the other hand, the FBI defines organized crime as, any group having some formalized structure and whose primary objective is to obtain through illegal activities.† Organized crime branches out into various criminal activities, such as cybercrime, money laundering, counterfeiting, illicitRead MoreWhite Collar Crime : An Definition Of Occupational Deviance, And Workplace Crim e1020 Words   |  5 PagesFriedrichs provided more accurate definition of occupational deviance because the term seems to be applied to activities drifted away from the original meaning of White Collar crime. It’s blended with the term conventional crime. Edwin Sutherland introduced the concept of white-collar crime in 1939. There were conceptual confusions with the term occupational crime, occupational deviance, and workplace crime because these terms are combined with white-collar crime. Friedrichs (2002) defined occupationalRead MoreWhy is the definition and measurement of crime problematic Essay1112 Words   |  5 PagesWhy is the definition and measurement of crime problematic? The term crime is not by any means easy to define. It does not have any simple or universally accepted definition in modern day society. Crime is the result of a complex social process, therefore not every criminal act is considered to be a crime. It has been said that a crime has only been committed when a court decides that one has occurred. For example a reported offence may not make it to trial due to a lack of evidence, so no furtherRead MoreDoes Crime Have More Than One Definition?1157 Words   |  5 PagesCrime, according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, has been around since Hammurabi. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines crime as an act or the commission of an act that is forbidden by a law code. Since the very first code of law recorded is Hammurabi’s, then it would be reasonable to conclude, based on Webster’s definition, that crime did not exist before Hammurabi. Most people however, would not agree with that statement. This begs the question, â€Å"Does crime have more than one definitionRead MoreCriminology Assignment1456 Words   |  6 Pagescommon, definition of crime is that it is a legalistic one in that it violates the criminal law and is punishable with jail terms, fines, and other sanctions. The Human Rights definition of crime defines crime as an action that violates the basic rights of humans to obtain the necessities of life and to be treated with respect and dignity. Unlike the legal definition of crime, the Human Rights definition of crime has a broader concept than its counterpart. With the Human Rights definition of crimeRead More Criminology Essay1411 Words   |  6 Pagescommon, definition of crime is that it is a legalistic one in that it violates the criminal law and is punishable with jail terms, fines, and other sanctions. The Human Rights definition of crime defines crime as an action that violates the basic rights of humans to obtain the necessities of life and to be treated with respect and dignity. Unlike the legal definition of crime, the Human Rights definition of crime has a broader concept than its counterpart. With the Human Rights definition of crime, criminologists

Innovation in Technology-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Innovation and Technology. Answer: Background: Innovation is the term that can be defined as the process of exploiting the new ideas I order to generate something new and improved. Innovation can be totally new or can be in the form of alteration of the already existing technology. Technology is the subset of innovation and is very important to make innovations in the new processes and products. Innovation is done according to the requirements if the people. As the new demands are coming up, the scientists are working towards the same and developing new and innovative technologies in order to fulfil such requirements (Bell, 2011). Studies have suggested that innovation is very important in todays world where the needs of the people are dynamic in nature. It is important in almost all the sector to compete with the industrial environment. Automobile is one of the sectors that have undergone many innovations since years. This is because this is the sector that is based on technological improvement (Kietzmann, 2008). Whether it be f our wheelers or two wheelers, innovations are taking place with very fast pace in this sector. It is not necessary that every innovation becomes the success but it has not stopped. There are instances that suggest that the failure of innovation in the automobile industry have resulted in great harm to the humans but it is the only industry where innovations have proved to be so beneficial for the humans as well. Products innovation: There are different types of innovation. Products innovation is one of them. It has been analysed that product innovation means different for different people. The actual meaning of products innovation is reacted to the development of new products, changes in the already existing products or the process of making such products etc. in other words, it can defined as anything that is new to the market or the business is called innovation (Williams, 2007). Any new thing or feature if introduced in the products for the benefit of the consumers in order to fulfil their needs is called product innovation. Example of successful product innovation: Development of automatic car is one of the most successful innovations found in the automobile industry. Automatic car means the automatic transmission system implemented in the cars in order to make the driving easy. In the year 1921, the first automatic transmission technology in car was invented by a Canadian steam engineer. His name was Alfred Horner. Horner has invented this technology with the help of compressed air. This invention has been later improved by General Motors (Ili, Albers and Miller, 2010). The change that has been observed in their technology was the use of hydraulic power rather that the compressed air. They introduced the Hydra-Matic transmission in 1940. Oldsmobile was the model that has used this technology in 1948. Now a days, there are many automobile companies, that are introducing the auto gear cars such as Maruti has released automatic Celerio, Honda has released automatic Honda city, Hunyadi is also in the same line with its models like i10 and i20 etc. Why and how this innovation has become successful: The automatic transmission system is introduced in the cars to divide some benefits to the customers initially; the manual transmission system was used in the cars. In that case, the drivers themselves shift the gears according to the speed of the vehicles. It cannot be denied that shifting the gear is the practice that adds on the fun element to driving but changing gear is also a hectic practice for some of the drivers (Miller and Morris, 2008). For resolving such issues and providing convenience to the customers, automatic transmission system has been introduced. This is the technological advancement that results in automatic shifting of the gears according to the speed of the driver. There is no interruption in this transmission as the gears are shifted automatically without any involvement of the driver. The automatic gear box is fixed in the cars that have the set ratio mechanism. Automatic cars required a fluid filled torque convertor that helps in transmitting the power in th e gears (Ehsani, Gao and Emadi, 2009). Hydraulic system requires more energy than the manual cars. This innovation has proved to be the successful innovation because it has provided various benefits to the customers such as: Convenience: this is a major benefit that the customers are getting due to automatic transmission system in the cars. This is because now the drivers do not need to have their concentration on steering as well as gears (Naunheimer, Bertsche, Ryborz and Novak, 2010). They just need to concentrate on handling the steering and gear scan be shifted automatically on the basis of the seed of the driver. No training is required: It has been analysed that intense training is not required to driving the cars with automatic transmission system. This is because the automatic transmission system is easy to use. Earlier, the people need to take training before driving but with the use of auto gear cars; it has become easy for them to drive (Charette, 2009). Even in traffics, it is easier to use such cars with auto gear as these cars have better stop and go techniques. Cruise control: It is another important benefit of using the auto gear cars. These cars are cruise in control. They can be controlled easily as the drivers do not need to shift the gear but only has to manage the speed. Application of innovation theory: There are various theories of innovation that can be introduced by the theorist. These theories of innovation provide the information about the theoretical aspect behind the innovation taking place. Different types of innovation takes place in the environment, some exploits the opportunities available in the atmosphere, some creates new ideas and requirements. In addition to it, some theories are related to the making alteration in the things and some are related to resolving the issues. The theory of innovation that can be related to the above innovation of automatic cars is the theory of design thinking (Kulkarni, Shim and Zhang, 2007). This theory suggests that a new thinking has been developed in order to make the innovation in the design of the product so that it can resolve the problem associated with the problem. The process of design thinking can be explained with the help of the designing thinking model that includes various elements such as empathy, define, ideate, prototype and test. Empathy is the step in which the designers have to think about the audiences who needs to be served with the product designs. Defining is the point where the users needs and the requirements are being assessed. Ideate is the step that results in thing about the various solutions that can be used to solve the issue (Madsen and Desai, 2010). It is the most important step where the actual thinking of the innovation is required. Prototype is the stage where the prototype of all th e ideas has been formed; the prototype is the representation of alterative ideas that are being suggested by different team members of the designing and innovation team. The last step is to test the different alternative and finalize the solution or the innovation and implement in on the products (Kim, Peng, Bai and Maguire, 2007). This theory is said to be associated with the innovation of automatic cars. This is because; it requires a thinking process to be conduct in order to design the automatic transmission system by the automobile engineers. Various types of system have been introduced and the hydraulic one was finally implemented in the cars to make it automatic. This is because it was the most feasible option available for them. This innovation has been introduced in order to make the car driving easier without having troublesome job o change gears ,annually which was the issue faced by many drivers. Example of failed innovation in the automobile industry: The automobile industry is the industry that believes in innovation at great extens.it has been seen that for generation, the industry is undergoing various innovations with time. This is because automobile play a very significant roles in our lives. In spite of all the benefits that have been enjoyed in terms of automobile innovations, it has been analysed that most of the harm to the mankind is also caused by the innovation in the automobile industry (Husain, 2011). In every 30 seconds, someone dies due to the road accident happened because of the use of vehicles. This suggests that it is not necessary that every innovation in this sector can proved to be beneficial, some fails badly due to defects and non-acceptance by the society. One of the players whose presence is very odd in the automobile industry is Google. Google has released their automatic cars in the market. It is the car that is driverless (Karden, Ploumen, Fricke, Miller and Snyder, 2007). The innovation that took pla ce in this car is related to the automated software that has been installed in the cars to make them run automatically on the roads. This has proved to be great harm to the society because of lots of wring happening due to tis innovation. The car was named Google Lexus SUV has found to be crashed with the van in US. There are many such incidents. The self-driving test report of Google cars suggests that there are many issues detected in the software of the cars. 272 disengagements have been experienced by the SDC cars of Google (Bojarski, Del Testa, Dworakowski, Firner, Flepp, Goyal, Jackel, Monfort, Muller, Zhang and Zhang, 2016). Tesla has also comes up with this idea and this cars of the company gain involved in the crash accidents now and then because of the technical faults. This is because somehow; the car failed to detect the anther vehicle running on the road. It not only affects the self-driving car but also affect the other people who are on the road (Schoettle and Sivak, 2014). This is most dangerous innovation that has been introduced in the sector of automobiles till now. It is not even accepted by the society as well. Self-driving cars are beneficial in one sense but are also very difficult for them to use such cars (Boeglin, 2015). These cars are not reliable and trust worthy. This is because the small technical fault can lead to big and fatal accident those results in death of the person. In terms of ethic also, it is not acceptable to realise such cars and allow them to run on the roads because this can be dangerous for the humans walking on the streets and the roads. Conclusion: It has been concluded from the discussion that innovation and technology is the aspect that is every important for the society. Innovation in the various industries helps the people to live better and easy life. Automobile is one of the industries that play an important part in the life of the people. It has been analysed that there are some innovation such as auto gear cars or the automatic transmission system in the cars that has proved to be very successful. This is because it has solved the issues that people are facing in terms of driving. Driving has become easy for the people as they do not have to deal with the gear issues and just have to concentrate on the steering. There are various theories of innovation that can be introduced by the theorist. These theories of innovation provide the information about the theoretical aspect behind the innovation taking place. On the other hand, same industry has undergone the innovations that have proved to be a big failure as they were n ot accepted by the society and the people. The innovation that has proved to be harmful for the society was the innovation of self-driving cars that have not given benefits to the people ratheer. References: Bell, F., 2011. Connectivism: Its place in theory-informed research and innovation in technology-enabled learning.The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning,12(3), pp.98-118. Boeglin, J., 2015. The costs of self-driving cars: reconciling freedom and privacy with tort liability in autonomous vehicle regulation.Yale JL Tech.,17, p.171. Bojarski, M., Del Testa, D., Dworakowski, D., Firner, B., Flepp, B., Goyal, P., Jackel, L.D., Monfort, M., Muller, U., Zhang, J. and Zhang, X., 2016. End to end learning for self-driving cars.arXiv preprint arXiv:1604.07316. Charette, R.N., 2009. This car runs on code.IEEE spectrum,46(3), p.3. Ehsani, M., Gao, Y. and Emadi, A., 2009.Modern electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles: fundamentals, theory, and design. CRC press. Husain, I., 2011.Electric and hybrid vehicles: design fundamentals. CRC press. Ili, S., Albers, A. and Miller, S., 2010. Open innovation in the automotive industry.Rd Management,40(3), pp.246-255. Karden, E., Ploumen, S., Fricke, B., Miller, T. and Snyder, K., 2007. Energy storage devices for future hybrid electric vehicles.Journal of Power Sources,168(1), pp.2-11. Kietzmann, J., 2008. Interactive innovation of technology for mobile work.European Journal of Information Systems,17(3), pp.305-320. Kim, D., Peng, H., Bai, S. and Maguire, J.M., 2007. Control of integrated powertrain with electronic throttle and automatic transmission.IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology,15(3), pp.474-482. Kulkarni, M., Shim, T. and Zhang, Y., 2007. Shift dynamics and control of dual-clutch transmissions.Mechanism and Machine Theory,42(2), pp.168-182. Madsen, P.M. and Desai, V., 2010. Failing to learn? The effects of failure and success on organizational learning in the global orbital launch vehicle industry.Academy of Management Journal,53(3), pp.451-476. Miller, W.L. and Morris, L., 2008.Fourth generation RD: Managing knowledge, technology, and innovation. John Wiley Sons. Naunheimer, H., Bertsche, B., Ryborz, J. and Novak, W., 2010.Automotive transmissions: Fundamentals, selection, design and application. Springer Science Business Media. Schoettle, B. and Sivak, M., 2014. A survey of public opinion about autonomous and self-driving vehicles in the US, the UK, and Australia. Williams, A., 2007. Product service systems in the automobile industry: contribution to system

Magnetic Therapy Essay Example For Students

Magnetic Therapy Essay Probably one of the largest contemporary trends in the therapeutic world is the use of magnetic therapy. However, it is also one of the least researched modalities, and has very little sound explanation for its effectiveness. Winning over its clientele with testimonials by everyone from doctors to elite athletes, magnets are making a place for themselves in the health and therapeutic fields. This is accomplished by utilizing many different marketing strategies and very little research. The trend is so lucrative, athletes are adding brand-name magnets to their list of endorsements (Ruibal, p. 3C). This method of rehabilitation and treatment dates back thousands of years to when they were used by Greek, Persian and Chinese physicians. These physicians used magnetic rocks, now called lodestones, to treat conditions such as gout and muscle spasm (Borsa, p. 150; Meyer 1997). In the early 1500s, Paracelsus, a physician in Greece, thought that magnets were effective therapeutically due to their ability to attract iron. He hypothesized that because of this capability, they would also be able to leach diseases from the body. However, Paracelsus was also very aware of the tendency the human mind has in playing a role in the healing process:The spirit of the master, the imagination is the instrument, the body is the plastic material. The moral atmosphere surrounding the patient can have a strong influence on the course of the disease. It is not a curse or a blessing that works, but the idea. The imagination produces the effect (Livingston, p. 25). This role imagination plays, known as the placebo effect, is a true thorn in the side of magnetic therapy as a practice. And this is where the debate lies: between true physiological efficacy and the placebo effect. The question that should be posed to manufacturers, advertisers, and customers of magnetic products is whether or not magnetic therapy is truly effective. Magnetic therapy could indeed be a useful rehabilitation technique but is still only a theory due to a lack of experimental evidence (Borsa, p. 150; Livingston p. 26; Vallbona et al. p. 1204). This is often overlooked however. The use of testimonials in the marketing and advertising for these magnets makes it difficult for the common consumer to view this type of therapy objectively. One aspect that is understood, however, are the effect magnetic fields have on our bodies during everyday life. We are constantly being exposed to magnetic fields. Microwaves, power lines, radio waves, refrigerators: these all give off magnetic charges (CSA, 1994; Barnothy p. 123). The earth is surrounded by a magnetic field, which is the reason for the North and South poles (Leonard, 861). Our bodies too have magnetic fields. According to the Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, magnetic fields from the external environment enter the body easily because it is approximately 70% water. After penetrating into the tissues, a change in the alignment of the bodys electromagnetic fields and an interaction with acupuncture points and meridians on the body occurs (Robinson, 1846). Magnetic fields also aids the following functions: cell division and replacement, blood circulation and hemoglobin saturation, flushing of deposits that line the walls of blood vessels and improved conduction of nerve im pulses, thus improving brain function (Meyer, 1997; Livingston, 1999). But, because the human body is complex and the physics of electromagnetic fields is complex, the interactions of the two are also increasingly complex and still not well understood (CSA, 1999). However, there is some research that says certain injuries or abnormalities that occur in the body registers as a positive magnetic field. This positive electromagnetic signal is carried to the brain, and responds by sending back a negative magnetic field to the injured site to aid in the healing process. The human body has a natural tendency to better perform and succeed in this negatively charged environment. These charges applied cause the bodys water, because of its diamagnetic properties, to have a repellency affect. In response to this applied magnetic field, the electrons in the water molecules make slight adjustments in their motions to repel. Like water, blood too has diamagnetic properties, and is animated and re pelled by magnetic fields. There has been evidence, shown in a study by Dr. Hackel (of Michigan State University) et al, that erythrocytes respond to magnetic fields in that they are aligned and perhaps even displaced by the action of macroscopic magnetic fields. Such motion causes active antigen sites on the cell surface to take up positions that are favorable for reactions with antibodies (p. 227). This helps with reduction of inflammation and detoxification. Rights vs rights EssayThe results were not statistically significant in pretreatment versus posttreament data. Pain perception, range of motion, and static force production all had a mean p-value of less than 0.05. Borsa and company give a reason for their claim that the results are insignificant; that it is a matter of a lack of thermal effect due to the low strength of the magnetic field applied (p. 153). While energy transmitted from the magnets is reported to produce both thermal and non-thermal physiological effects within injured soft tissue (Livingston, 1999; Borsa, p. 153) is possible, in order to get a significant thermal effect from the magnetic field, the strength must be between 150 G and 15,000 G. Since most commercially available flexible magnets have strengths below 1000 G (Borsa, pp. 153-4), they would naturally be a significantly lower gain of thermal heat due to their lack of magnetic power. This thermal heat is a result of Hall voltage, and is caused by a magnetic field of sufficient strength that passes through a conductive fluid such as blood, produces an electromotive force (the Hall voltage). A significant amount of this voltage can cause blood ions to become active and dynamic, colliding with each other, and thus producing heat and vasodilation. This is called the magnetohydrodynamic effect (see Fig. 1). This effect has the capability to mimic heating agents used therapeutically, but it is hard to attain that level of heat due to a lack of approval by the Food and Drug Administration to use such high powered magnets (Borsa, p. 153; Barnothy, p. 128; Meyer, 1997). However, this does not seem concordant with the Baylor study. And, this discrepancy is actually something fairly consistent between findings in magnetic research. In this situation, it could merely be a matter of different magnets used for different ailments. In the Baylor study, the magnets were used on postpolio patients over both muscular and arthritic pain, while in Borsas study, the magnets were worn over muscular microinjuries for a longer period of time with greater potency (in gauss). However, this is not a matter of different studies using different variables. These two studies actually represent magnetic therapy research well in that most of the conclusions are fairly inconsistent with each other. Since there is not very much experimental evidence and no outstanding conclusion that is apparent either way, it seems that this type of research should become more important as more products are sold to uninformed customers. Customers should pay attention to the fact that the FDA has not yet approved magnetic therapy. Also, U.S. consumers will spend more than $500 million this year on magnetic pads, bracelets, shoe inserts, back wraps, and seat cushions without really knowing their products true potency or repercussion (Ruibal, p. 3C). The most prudent way of understanding the effect of static magnetic fields on biologic tissue is through the controlled experimentation (Borsa, 154). Therefore, more research is needed in order to assure that the uses of magnets are cost-effective, safe, and a useful therapeutic modality. Bibliography:Barnothy, Madeleine F. (1964). Wound healing and tissue regeneration. In Madeleine Barnothy (Ed.), The Biological Effects of Magnetic Fields, pp. 120-141. New York: Plenum Press. Borsa, Paul A., PhD, ATC/R Ligget, Charles L., MS, ATC. (June, 1998).Flexible magnets are not effective in decreasing pain perception and recovery time after muscle microinjury. Journal of Athletic Training, Vol 33. Pp. 150-155. Council of Scientific Affairs report (CSA). (December 1994). Report 7 of the Council on Scientific Affairs: Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields. online Available: www.ama-assn.org/med-sci/csa/1994/rpt6au94.htm (Nov. 8, 1999). Hackel, E.; Smith, A.E.; Montgomery, D.J. (1964) Agglutination of human erythrocytes. In Madeleine Barnothy (Ed.), The Biological Effects of Magnetic Fields, pp.218-228. New York: Plenum Press. Larson, Leonard. (1971). In Encyclopedia of Sport Sciences and Medicine (pp. 861-862). New York: The MacMillan Company. Livingston, James D. (1998) Magnetic therapy: a plausible attraction? Skeptical Inquirer, v2 2, n4. pp. 25-27. Meyer, Martin (1997). Magnetics for Healthy Healing. online. Available: www.hre.com/totalhealth/magnh.html (Nov. 8, 1999). Robinson, Richard. (June, 1999). In Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine (p. 1846). London: Gale Press. Ruibal, Sal. (1997, Aug. 20). Ironclad cures for pain? Athletes put their faith in power of magnets. USA Today, Final Edition, p. 3C. Vallbona, Carlos, MD; Hazelwood, Carlton F, PhD Jurida, Gabo, MD. Response of Pain to Static Magnetic Fields in Postpolio Patients: A Double-blind Pilot Study. Arch Physiological Medicine Rehabilitation, 1997; vol. 78. pp. 1200-3.