Death Penalty essay Essay Example

Death Penalty essay Essay Studies show that the death penalty is an in-effective deterrent of crime and is an economic burden to tax-payers, counties, and states. The main issues of this essay are whether or not the death penalty is in fact, a deterrent of crime, and if the burden of the cost associated with the death penalty is worth the retribution. As Mahatma Ghandi said, An eye for an eye leaves us all blind. Capital punishment is the sentencing of convicted criminals to death. It is a highly controversial and debatable topic. This is an issue that keeps many people, mainly politicians, tossing and turning at night. Is it moral? Is it a deterrent of crime? Is it worth the money we spend on death penalty cases? There are an abundance of studies, articles, arguments, and opinions both for and against the death penalty. This essay will look at the arguments, and show that the death penalty is not a highly effective deterrent of crime, and it will also show that it is not economically Justified. The death penalty dates back thousands of years, but it in the United States it has become a topic that is very controversial. There have been many legal challenges in the past fifty years, challenging the morality of the executions. We will write a custom essay sample on Death Penalty essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Death Penalty essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Death Penalty essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In 1967 a moratorium was placed on the death penalty after the Supreme Courts finding that it was arbitrary and capricious and that it violated the 8th Amendment. (Capital Punishment, 2013). It wasnt a ruling that the death penalty itself was unconstitutional, but that the laws as written were cruel and unusual punishment. States wrote new laws, and in 1977 executions resumed. The first execution after the moratorium was in Utah, death by firing squad. Deterrence, in the mindset of death penalty supporters, is the belief that criminals or would be criminals fear death more than anything else. Judge Robert E. Crowe stated It is the finality of the death penalty which instills fear into the heart of every murderer, and it is the fear of punishment which protects society. (Crowe, 1925, para3). A survey of leading criminologists by Radelet Lacock (2009), showed that an astounding 88% did not agree that the death penalty is a deterrent of crime. They believe that an abolishment on the death penalty would not result in any significant rise in crime rates. The majority of law enforcement surveyed believes capital punishment does not deter violent crime. (Ralelet Lacock, 2009). Another survey of police chiefs states that they rank the death penalty lowest on ways to deter crime. They believe that an increase in law enforcement and lowering drug abuse are the best ways to reduce violence. Although there are many studies stating that the death penalty is a deterrent of crime, The National Research Council (2012) concluded that the studies on the effect of murder rates and the death penalty were seriously flawed. They showed that the studies didnt consider the effects of non capital punishments, and used incomplete or implausible models. They found three fundamental flaws: 1) The studies did not factor in the effects of non-capital punishments that may be imposed. 2) The studies used imcomplete or implausible models of potential murderers perceptions of and responses to the use of capital punishment. 3) Estimates of the effect of capital punishment are based on statistical models that make assumptions that are not credible. (The National Research Council, 2012). of criminals. He believes that murderers dont think of the death penalty as a reason not to kill. People who are contemplating murder do not sit down and weigh the consequences. He believes it is an erratic and flawed process which should be discontinued. The decision on whether a defendant gets the death penalty is dependent on too many variables: The discretion of the prosecutor, the competence of the defense attorneys, the makeup of the Jury, and the attitude of the Judge and appeals court. Further research shows that most murders are committed in the heat of passion, under the influence of drugs or alcohol, or because ofa mental illness. During the act of committing murder, criminals do not expect to be caught and there is little thought being given to the consequences of the action. Even when a murder is premeditated, the criminal focuses more on escaping arrest, detection, or conviction. (saroktn, 2011). The ACLUs position on the death penalty (2012) is that it violates a constitutional ban on cruel and unusual punishment and the guarantees of due process. They believe that states should not give themselves the right to kill, especially with premeditation and celebration. They believe it is unfair because it is dependant of the competency of the attorneys, how much money the defendant has, the race of the victim, and where the crime takes place. (ACLU 2012) Capital punishment in the United States is unusual because it is the only western industrialized nation that engages in the practice. It is also unusual because only a small percentage of convicted killers are sentenced to death. The homicide rate in the United States is five times higher than any western European county. This is shocking due to the fact that the United States is the only county with the death penalty. Currently there are eighteen states without the death penalty. In President Jimmy Carters article Show Death Penalty the Door (2012), he provides statistics on tates with the death penalty vs. tates without the death penalty. The rates of homicides are higher in states with the death penalty. Take North and South Dakota for example: Both of these states are very similar in population, culture, and region. North Dakota does not have the death penalty and South Dakota does. There are more capital crimes in South Dakota. According to the Department of Justice (FBI Uniform Crime Report, 2012), the national murder rate was about the same in 2011 as in 2012. The Northeast region of the United States, the region with the fewest executions, had the lowest murder ate of any other region. The murder rate in the northeast also decreases 3. 4%. The southern region, the region with the highest execution rate, again had the highest murder rates. Six of the nine states with the lowest murder rate are states without the death penalty. Justice Bryon White, (Furman v. Georgia), noted that when only a tiny portion of individuals who commit murder are executed, the death penalty is unconstitutionally irrational. The lessons of Furman haunt present day realities in most states because it is used so rarely as to defy the logic of deterrence. 972) When weighing the all the deterring facts, the death penalty does not make sense for our country. While looking at the economic factors and costs of the death penalty, the ends do not Justify The cost of the death penalty is far more expensive than the cost of life in prison. Former District Attorney, Sterling Goodspeed, stated miou can house criminals in the Waldorf Hotel for sixty to seventy years and feed them three meals a day cheape r than we can litigate a single death penalty case. A study by the National Bureau of Economic Research show that the burden put n tax payers due to capital murder charges is a huge burden to counties. These trials cost so much that cuts in the budget have to be made elsewhere. States and counties could save millions by eliminating these trials. (Baicker, 2012). Statistics show that the cost is so much higher for a variety of reasons. These expensive trials need special defense teams specializing in death penalty cases. The cost of security, specialty witnesses and DNA testing are Just some of the huge expenses these trials incur. Many of the countrys leading law enforcement personnel, criminologists, Judges nd others believe that the resources that are put into these extremely expensive trials should be redirected elsewhere. The money could be spent on improving the community and prevention programs. (Kondavic, 2012). Research shows that people who attend Early Childhood programs are less likely to commit crimes. High school programs that help at-risk youth reach graduation also helps to reduce crime. These programs could benefit from the additional resources that capital murder cases soak up. (Equal Justice USA,2013). Gang prevention programs and mental health services will also help reduce riminal activity. Providing these services to Juveniles reduces their probability of being arrested. It has been said that if the perpetrators in the many recent school shootings would have been offered these services, a lot of trauma and bloodshed could have been avoided. Treatment has successfully reduced crime, incarceration, and recidivism. Most law enforcement officials agree that funds to help the victims and their families are needed. These funds could pay for grief counseling, scholarships, medical expenses, and emergency funds. Since the use of DNA testing more than ne-hundred thirty people have been exonerated from death row. Now the courts are being flooded with expensive appeals and DNA testing. Not only would doing away with the death penalty relieve the court systems and save money, but it will assure that no innocent man or woman ever be wrongly executed. (Associated Press, 2009) Research and evidence show that putting a moratorium on the death penalty for good would be better for tax-payers and all of this countrys communities. It would also assure that no innocent person will ever be condemned to death. The deterrent actor and the economic factor are proof enough, but there is always the moral factor. In 1972 Supreme Court Justice, Marshall Thurgood gave his opinion in the case Fruman v. Georgia. He stated that Capital punishment violates the Eighth Amendment because it is morally unacceptable. In Judging if it is morally acceptable, most courts say its valid unless it shocks the conscience and sense of Justice of the people assuming knowledge of all the facts presently available regarding capital conscience and sense of Justice. For this reason alone, capital punishment cannot stand. (1972).

Salvation of the Soul Essays - Bethany Hamilton, Surfing, Poster

Salvation of the Soul Essays - Bethany Hamilton, Surfing, Poster Salvation of the Soul The above image is the poster of Soul Surfer, which was released on April 8, 2011. As you see in the poster, the movie is made based on a inspiring true story that happened to a champion surfer, Bethany Hamilton. It was directed by Sean McNamara. After he read an article talking about Bethany Hamiltons story, he decided to make a movie based on it. Because Christian faith is integral to Bethanys story, this movie is viewed as a Christian movie. It shows the power of faith through the experience of the surfer and talks about God and faith. The creator wanted people to get inspired after they watch it. The poster is made up of many different parts. There is a tagline in the top of the poster, and below the tagline, the title of the movie shows in a larger size and different color. This difference makes the title become more noticeable. Below the title, there is the cast list for the main characters. Then, the main character comes out. The girl stands and carries a surfboard that is bro ken, and her expression appears to be thinking deeply. Finally, the sea is grey, not blue. It is abnormal and thought-provoking. And if we see the poster carefully, we can find that the light surrounds the girl. After analyzing this poster, we can find the poster uses text, placement of the character, facial expression, and color contrast in order to illustrate the spiritual salvation of the girl. This poster contains many texts, including the tagline, title, and cast list. The tagline is When you come back from a loss, beat the odds, and never say never, you find a champion. This sentence shows that the movie talks about a person who becomes stronger from a loss and gets ahead afterwards. After audiences see this poster, they will watch the movie with much curiosity and awe, because they want to know what happened to the girl. The title of this poster is the name of the movie. The words Soul Surfer are enlarged and are in a darker color. This change of font makes the title more obviously and noticeable. People like to associate the word soul with holy things. So after they see this title, they will think deeper about what happened to the girls spirit. The cast list is in the middle of the poster. The actor Dennis Quaid and actress Carrie Underwood are very famous actors. They will attract many audiences for this movie. The tagline and the title tell us the deep meaning inside of the girl. Besides the texts, the placement of this main character is also important. The girl stands by herself and carries a broken surfboard that covers her whole body. The surfboard symbolizes her. She stands alone, illustrating that she is strong enough to handle everything by herself. But she is also lonely. No one stands with her and maybe this is the reason that compels her to become strong. When we change our focus to the surfboard, we can find a shocking scar in it. And because the surfboard is the only thing that is carried by the girl in this poster, we find the surfboard is very important to her. After we understand the relationship between the surfboard and the girl, it lets us guess what the girl experiences if the surfboard has a big scar in it. This placement makes people feel helpless and vacuous of the spirituality of the girl. Although only one character is showed in this poster, the facial expression of her still can impart significant information. A light of tenacity comes into her eyes. From her eyes, we can feel that she is very persistent and can accomplish the thing she decides to do. Compared to the helpless that we found regarding to the placement of the girl, we can find out that she grows up in a sense. On the other hand, half of her face is hidden behind the broken surfboard. That looks like the girl wants to hide something that she doesn't want others to know. And we dont know if she is happy or sad. Her facial expression represents there are many

Engineering Products Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Engineering Products Case Study - Essay Example 443-444). 1. EP is a British engineering firm. It is a first-tier supplier mainly of automotive components, with production and sales divisions located in the UK, Continental Europe (mainly France, Germany and Spain), North America, and other parts of the world. More than two-thirds of its workforce is in Continental Europe, which also accounts for nearly half of worldwide sales. 2. Customers, which comprise the multinational final produces for cards, demand a standardized product and have sought to standardise their methods of production through the sharing of â€Å"best practices†. 4. While generally the local company supplies local customers, Headquarters has taken a greater role in making decisions about sourcing, even entailing moving production from one country to another. The movement involves not only volumes but also manufacturing processes, thus encouraging greater coordination of manufacturing processes among the local companies. a. A performance-related-pay (PRP) package was implemented among the division’s plants, but local circumstances such that there were inequities in the measures of performance, the proportion of the workforce covered and the amount of their pay subject to performance measures; and c. International integration heightened internal competition among plants. One advantage is that afforded upward mobility to managers from all countries, and has abolished limits for promotions to within particular countries. However, it also engendered coercive comparisons among plants, reducing the bargaining power of employees, at times with the specific threat of closure. Environments and Operations (2004, p. 452), centralization for decision making and, thus, standardization, is determined by the pressure for global integration as against the pressure for responsiveness to local conditions. EP manufactures mainly

Printed circuit board in a toaster Research Paper

Printed circuit board in a toaster - Research Paper Example A toaster is a modern appliance used for toasting bread by converting electrical energy to heat energy which is then radiated to the bread (see appendix for a picture of one). In many households a toaster is a part of their breakfast or other meals as it easily and quickly prepares a toast as opposed to any other method you could use to prepare a toast. The device retails from as low as thirty bucks on Amazon therefore going by this its PCB cost would have to be quite low. In fact PCB production as per the Silver Circuits’ website (2011) is as low as 13 cents per square inch. This can be attributed to the few parts that make it up and the reduction in cost when mass producing these boards. (See appendix for a sample PCB). For effective functioning of the PCB in a toaster the following product design specifications have to be considered. (These are based on the environment of operation and a toaster’s manufacturer requirement for its PCB). On electrical consideration first we should consider the dielectric constant otherwise referred to as permittivity. This is an undertaking of accumulation electrostatic lines made of flux in a dielectric. (WhatIs.com Website, 2011). This depends on where the PCB is to be used, for instance in PCBs with many layers low values are preferred whereas those that are designed for RF circuits would have high values. In our case the toaster operates at low frequency and its PCB need not to be a multiple count one hence a value in between is good enough, however since the electric circuit in a toaster is a timer which uses capacitance the dielectric used to provide additional capacitance required. The second is loss tangent. This is usually a magnitude of how the dielectric component dissipates electromagnetic type of energy. Though more sensitive at higher frequencies it should be as low as possible for correct operation. Thirdly the materials should not absorb a

Marketing Strategies of Starbucks Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Strategies of Starbucks - Case Study Example Allegra conducted a survey of more than six thousand consumers and it was found out that Starbucks concentrated on customer satisfaction, maintained ethics and treated its suppliers fairly (Holmes, 49, 2007). Starbucks has concentrated on following the rules and regulations of United Kingdom. At the same time, it has concentrated on corporate social responsibility. Starbucks in extremely popular among all consumer segments because it concentrates on giving the best coffee and create an enthralling experience for them. At the same time, it treats both employees and customers well. In China, Starbucks had succeeded integrating the local and American culture in order to create an enchanting experience for them (Miller & Sanders, 25, 2008). Starbucks has opened more than one thousand international outlets in more than eight hundred locations. In the United Kingdom, Starbucks needs to expand its presence as it might be possible that consumers may turn to other beverages. Although Starbucks has successfully become the leader in the branded coffee provider and coffee house domain, it still faces competition from its competitors. In United Kingdom, its competitors include local coffee outlets, Caribou Coffee, Dunkin Donuts, Costa Coffee, etc. ... Competition Although Starbucks has successfully become the leader in the branded coffee provider and coffee house domain, it still faces competition from its competitors. In United Kingdom, its competitors include local coffee outlets, Caribou Coffee, Dunkin Donuts, Costa Coffee, etc. To maintain its position, Starbucks will concentrate on meeting the demands of customers (Zeithaml, 74, 2000). . China Environment Starbucks has now decided to open its first store in Beijing, in China, which is located in Park Towers Shopping Mall. It has both retail and space storage and is located in the heart of shopping activities (Strehle & Cruickshank, 201, 2007) . PEST analysis Political Factors In order to survive in the Chinese market, Starbucks needs to follow the rules and regulations of the government. At the same time, it would concentrate on customer satisfaction and maintain ethics. It will also concentrate maintaining its social corporate responsibility (Zackfta, 89, 2007). . Economical Factors Starbucks is relatively a new concept in China. For this purpose, it will concentrate on introducing new products with local taste, in order to target all consumer segments. It would concentrate on integrating local and western culture in order to generate revenues by winning customers. Social Factors Starbucks must concentrate on introducing new products, which would have local taste in order to win the consumers in China. Technological Factors Starbucks strives for constant innovation and development of new products and services. It would employ Starbucks Card and Blue Martini management system in order to retain its customers. Entry Strategy Starbucks would concentrate on entering the China market in order to promote, publicize and campaign for its

Availability Of Educational Facilities

Availability Of Educational Facilities The concept of quality in every field is a complex concept. It is complex in nature, elements, components, and every respect. Quality is the most honorable but the slipperiest term in the field of education. Sometimes it is used in evaluative sense, for example as scale of goodness. Sometimes it is implied to seek some distinguishing characteristics. The quality in education refers to the standard of management, educational facilities, curriculum, methods of teaching, students, exanimation system, teaching staff etc. The quality of education is poor at all levels in developing and under developed countries, Iqbal (1987) stated that Students in developing countries have a mean level of achievement below that in industrial countries and their performance shows a much greater variation around the mean. According to a report of the World Bank (1999), the main ways in which governments can help to improve the quality of education are setting standards, supporting inputs to improve, achievements, adopting flexible strategies for the acquisition and use of inputs, and monitoring performance. Generally the spaces are not taken because of the weight of the existing education speeding and management practices. Learning requires five inputs: the students learning capacity and motivation, the subject to be learned, teacher who has good knowledge of subject can teach that subject, time for learning and tools for teaching and learning. Historical Background: Pakistan appeared on the map of the world on 14th of August 1947 and inherited its system of education from British colonial era. There were two types of educationalinstitutions which were working at the time of independence insub-continent, i.e. DeniMadaris and Formal Schools set-up by the BritishGovernment. The National Education Policy (1998) presents statistically the picture of educational institutes of that time. For example, Pakistan inherited two Universities,2,900 primary schools in East Pakistan and 5,500 primary schools in West Pakistan outof 39,000 primary schools which were present at that time in the Subcontinent.Moreover, the new-born country inherited 83 colleges, 3 engineering colleges and 71Agriculture/Technical institutions. India received the lions share of the financial and military resources. But to make matters worse India received the bulk of the skilled manpower because most of the industry and commercial institutions were on the Indianside of the border (Govt. of Pakistan, 1998). After the emergence of Pakistan the firstthing felt was to develop the system of education for an independent and sovereignIslamic state. Research Questions: Q1. Why do not people send their children in Schools? Q2. Why people are unable to bear the dues of schools? Q3. Why are facilities not fully available in Pakistani Schools? Q4. How can we increase the literacy rate of people in Pakistan? Significance of the Research: Public Schools: â‚ ¬Ã‚  Public schools have large, spacious and according to standard school buildings. â‚ ¬Ã‚  Teachers are permanent, highly qualified and trained. All facilities including building, hall, library, furniture and utilities like electricity, water supply, and gas etc are provided and financed by government. â‚ ¬Ã‚  Education is totally free up to matriculation level. Public schools enroll the majority of students belonging to middle and lower middle class families. Education is better at secondary level than private schools. Public schools have larger class size. Physical Facilities: The internal efficiency of an education system is related to the improvement of modern facilities, because physical facilities at school level had a very positive impact on the performance of the students. There is a vital role of academic institutions, qualified staff, and facilities which were helpful in the uplift of the child. EDO (Executive District Officer) and DEO (District Education Officer) must ensure the provision of physical facilities to the schools in theirrespective districts for the improvement of quality education at primary level in the country. Facilities in Schools: The number of rooms depends on the facilities provided in the school. Normally each section of the class should have a separate room.We can divide the schoolrooms in to the following three categories: 1. Instruction Room, the classrooms and laboratories. 2. Non-instruction rooms, as headmasters office clerks office, staff-room, library room etc 3. Miscellaneous room as tuck shop, store, water rooms etc. Playgrounds are necessary for out-door activates. In Pakistan the necessity of grounds is even more apparent as most of the school buildings are outdated and in hygienic. This deficiency could only be compensated with the playgrounds. Each classroom should have sufficient number of desks or benches for the students. The arrangement of the desks should be such that light be cost on them form the left. A good library is a necessity in a school. No school can function successfully without a well-equipped library. It is necessary both for teachers and taught. Every teacher should devote enough time in studying he various books to elaborate his lessons and also increase his general knowledge. Extra reading is very useful for children also. Library books are more interesting and attractive but they are as useful as textbooks as for as learning is concerned. The library books elaborate the lessons of the textbooks. Without library facilities, the textbooks become dry and difficult. The science laboratory should be adequately equipped with the modern scientific equipment and chemicals that are needed at the secondary stage. Preliminary Literature Review: IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION: Education is a powerful catalyzing agent, which provides mental, physical, ideological and moral training to individuals, so as to enable them to have fullconsciousness of their mission, of their purpose in life and to equip them to achievethat purpose. It is an instrument for the spiritual development as well as the materialfulfillment of human beings. With in the context of Islamic perception, education isan instrument for developing the attitudes of individuals in accordance with the valueof righteousness to help build a sound Islamic society (Govt. of Pakistan, 1998). Education plays an important role in human resource development. It raises the productivity, efficiency of individuals and produce skilled manpower that is capable ofleading the economic development. Importance of Education for human resourcedevelopment does not need any justification and clarification. The developed countriesattach highest priority to education; same is the case with the developing countries.The constitution of Pakistan accepts education as one of the fundamental rights of acitizen as well as constitutional commitment of the government accepts to provideaccess to education to every citizen (Govt. of Pakistan, 2000). EDUCATION SYSTEM IN PAKISTAN: The education system in Pakistan consisted of a number of stages, primary, middle secondary, higher secondary/intermediate, and college and university levels. These categories overlap and so does the administration of institutions overlap in each category. For example, there are schools/colleges offering education from nursery to degree level (class XIV), even to masters level. Principals of such colleges areresponsible for over all administration of the colleges. But staff of that college/schoolmay be under the directorate of schools or colleges for the purpose of transfers,promotions and posting etc. The structure of formal education system in Pakistan canbe summarized as following. Level Schooling Age 1. Primary Five years 5-9 years 2. Middle Three 10-13 3. Secondary Two 14-15 4. Higher Secondary/Intermediate Two 16-17 5. Higher (College) Two 18-19 6. Higher (University) Two to Five 20 and above Objectives of Education: The National Association of Secondary School Principals identified following goals for secondary education.  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  All youth need to develop salable skills and those understandings and attitudes that make the worker an intelligent and productive participant in economic life.  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  All youth need to develop and maintain good health and physical fitness.  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  All youth need to understand the rights and duties of the citizen of a democratic society and to be diligent and competent in the performance of their obligations as members of the community and citizens of the state and nation.  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  All youth need to understand the methods of science, the influence of science on human life, and the main scientific facts concerning the nature of the world and of man.  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  All youth need opportunities to develop their capacities to appreciate beauty in literature, art, music and nature.  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  All youth need to develop respect for other persons to grow in their insight into ethical values and principles, and to be able to live and work cooperative with others. Methodology: The major purpose of the study was to compare the quality of education in Public and Private secondary schools of Pakistan. For this, survey was conducted to get the opinions of the respondents. Hence, the nature of study was descriptive type. Following methods and procedures wereadopted to conduct this proposed research. POPULATION: All the schools in public and private sector of Pakistan, their heads, secondary school teachers and students constituted the population of thestudy. SAMPLE: Random sampling technique is used and description of sample is as follow. Sample of Schools: Total two hundred and sixteen secondary schools in public and private sector (twenty- four secondary schools from each sample district) were randomly selected.The proportion of public sector schools and private sector schools, boys and girlsschools was fifty- fifty. Sample of Heads: All the heads of already sampled 216 secondary schools of public and private sector (the proportion of public sector schools and private sector schools, boys andgirls schools was equal) included in sample. Sample of Teachers: One thousand and eighty teachers teaching secondary classes (120 teachers from each sample district) were randomly selected in which proportion of male femaleteachers was fifty fifty. In such a way that from each sample district, the proportion ofthe public and private and male and female teachers are equal. Sample of Students: Four thousand three hundred and twenty students (480 students from each sampled district) were randomly selected in which proportion of male female studentswas fifty fifty. In such a way that from each sample district the proportion of thepublic and private and male and female students were equal. Conclusion: The study revealed that private sector schools had actually less number of students and teachers at secondary level as compared to public sector schools. With respect to ownership of building almost 98% public sector schools had their own buildings while majority of private schools were running in rented buildings. In public schools, studentteacher ratio was higher than private schools.The quality of education is the most burning issue of the day. Administration is considered to be the most important ingredient of any organization, for it serves as the asset for the most previous assets of the nations which are educational institutions. The entire study reveals that heads of private sector secondary schools are better than heads of public sector secondary schools regarding involvement of other staff in decision making, keeping themselves as a part of team while leading them and carrying out the tasks in a well organized fashion.

‘An Inspector Calls’ by J.B.Priestley Essay -- Drama

How has watching a production of ‘An Inspector Calls’ by J.B.Priestley enhanced the script and furthered your understanding of the play? Refer to themes and characters in your analysis. ‘An Inspector Calls’ – J.B. Priestley ===================================== Twentieth Century Drama Coursework ---------------------------------- Task: How has watching a production of ‘An Inspector Calls’ by J.B.Priestley enhanced the script and furthered your understanding of the play? Refer to themes and characters in your analysis. Following my reading of ‘An Inspector Calls’ by J.B.Priestely, I went to the theatre to see Daldry’s production. I found that watching the play on stage massively enhanced the script and furthered my understanding of the play. The use of scenery, sound, lighting, special effects, the actors and their actual movement about the stage all emphasised Priestley’s moral message of the play, which he felt was so necessary to express. The play ‘An Inspector Calls’ was written by J.B.Priestley in the winter of 1944-1945, when Priestley, as explained in his biography by Vincent Brome, had â€Å"an idea about a mysterious inspector visiting a family... before the (second world) war.† The entire play was written â€Å"at top speed,...† and finished within a week. Even though the play was written in 1945, it was set in 1912 and written on a basis of Priestley’s early influences in life. His childhood home was a place where socialist ideas thrived and he had a real experience of working class life through numerous visits to his grandparent’s house in narrow backstreets behind a mill factory. J.B.Priestley was very interested in politics, but could not agree completely with the policies of any one political party. One of the main reasons for him writing ‘An Inspector Calls’ was to put the labour party into authority. He was a socialist and based his views and actions on compassion, the sort of compassion that the Inspector wants to see in those he questions in the play. Brumley, where the play is set, is a large manufacturing town in the Midlands. In 1912 nearly 15 million people lived in large towns and cities. Most people worked in manufacturing industries, mining, transport and trade. England had huge social divisions, based largely on wealth and income. Priestley replicates this scenario when first describing t... ...outside of his safe world, inside of the house, to answer it. This signifies that he cannot escape reality and must face up to his actions. Finally, in order to show the that morals and meanings of the play are still relevant for a modern day audience, in Daldry’s production, the house lights are switched on for the Inspector’s speech and the core message of the play he has to deliver. Even though you may be watching how the Birlings have misbehaved, this is a reminder to the audience that no one should behave as they did and always face up to their responsibilities, which is the message Priestley wanted to convey in his play of â€Å"An Inspector Calls†. To conclude, I found that watching a production of â€Å"An Inspector Calls† immensely enhanced and furthered my understanding of the play, in many ways as explained and analysed thoroughly in this essay. Although Priestley’s ideas were noted when reading the play in class, I felt they were conveyed more emotionally had much more meaning when acted. All plays are supposed to acted in order convey the meanings of them in this way and I found Daldry’s production created that emotion and meaning extremely effectively.

Enzyme Catalysis Essay

Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts to regulate metabolism by selectively speeding up chemical reactions in the cell without being consumed during the process. During the catalytic action, the enzyme binds to the substrate – the reactant enzyme acts on – and forms an enzyme-substrate complex to convert the substrate into the product. Each type of enzyme combines with its specific substrate, which is recognized by the shape. In the enzymatic reaction, the initial rate of activity is constant regardless of concentration because the number of substrate molecules is so large compared to the number of enzyme molecules working on them. When graphed, the constant rate would be shown as a line, and the slope of this linear portion is the rate of reaction. As time passes, the rate of reaction slowly levels with less concentration of the substrate. This point where the rate starts to level is called the Kmax, in which the peak efficiency of enzymes is reached. In order to start the reaction, reactants require an initial supply of energy called activation energy. The enzymes work by reducing the amount of free energy that must be absorbed so that less required energy leads to faster rate of reaction. The rate of catalytic reactions is affected by the changes in temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, and substrate concentration. Each enzyme has an optimal temperature at which it is most active; the rate of reaction increases with increasing temperature up to the optimal level, but drops sharply above that temperature. Most enzymes have their optimal pH value that range from 6 to 8 with exceptions, and they may denature in unfavorable pH levels. An increase in enzyme concentration will increase the reaction rate when all the active sites are full, and an increase in substrate concentration will increase the rate when the active sites are not completely full. The enzyme used in this lab is catalase, a common catalyst found in nearly all living organisms. Catalse is a tetramer of 4 polypeptide chains, each consisting of more than 500 amino acids. Its optimum pH is approximately 7, and optimum temperature is about 37 Â °C. The primary catalytic reaction of catalase decomposes hydrogen peroxide to form water and oxygen as shown by the equation: 2 H2O2 > 2 H2O + O2 . Within cells, the function of catalase is to prevent damage by the toxic levels of hydrogen peroxide by rapidly converting them to less dangerous substances. In this lab, we will show how catalase from 2 different sources (pure and potato extract) affects the rate of reaction by using titration to measure and calculating the decomposition rate of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to water and oxygen gas with enzyme catalysis. Part II – Material and Methods In Part 2A, I tested for catalase activity by using the seriological pipette to transfer 10mL of H2O2 into a beaker. The serological pipette was utilized in all transfer of substances in this lab because of its high quality and accuracy in measurement, especially with delicate control of volume and graduations that extend all the way to the top. Then, I used another serological pipette to add 1mL of catalase in the beaker. After observation, I analyzed and recorded the results. The above procedure was repeated with the boiled catalase solution using another beaker and serological pipette. I analyzed and recorded the results after examination. In Part 2B, I established the baseline to determine the amount of H2O2 present in the nominal solution without adding the enzyme. I used serological pipettes (for the same reason mentioned above) to transfer 10mL of H2O2 in a beaker previously labeled as baseline and 1mL of distilled H2O into the same beaker after that. Next, I added 10mL of 1. 0M H2SO4 into the beaker and mixed the solution by gently swirling the beaker. The sulfuric acid was used to lower the pH and thereby stopping the catalytic activity. Using the serological pipette, I removed 5mL of the mixture into a different beaker to assay for the H2O2 amount through titration. This was done particularly through the titration technique because it can determine the concentration of a reactant – in this case, remaining amount of H2O2 – with volume measurements. After recording the initial burette reading, I placed the assay beaker underneath a burette containing KMnO4 and gradually added the titrant with controlled drops while gently swirling the beaker until the color of the mixture turned permanently pink or brown. Then, I recorded the final burette reading. The potassium permanganate was specifically used because its excess amount will cause the solution to change color, and the amount used to change the color is proportional to amount of remaining H2O2. In Part 2D, I measured the rate of H2O2 decomposition with enzyme catalysis in 5 different time intervals of 10, 30, 60, 120, and 180 seconds. After labeling 5 beakers with each time interval, I transferred 10mL of H2O2 to each beaker with the serological pipette (for the same reason mentioned in Part 2A). For the 10 second time interval, I added 1mL of catalase extract and swirled the beaker for 10 seconds. Next, I added 10mL of H2SO4 to stop the reaction. I repeated the above procedure 4 more times, varying the 10 second time interval to 30, 60, 120, 180 seconds. Then, using the serological pipette, I removed 5mL sample from each of the 5 beakers and found the amount of remaining H2O2 by titration with KMnO4. The reason and procedure for titration was identical to those in Part 2B. Part IV – Discussion In Part 2A, the enzyme activities of catalase and boiled catalase were observed. According to the data, the bubbles began to form in the mixture when the catalase was poured into H2O2. The bubbles are the O2 that results from the breakdown of H2O2 as the catalase takes effect. In the case of boiled catalase, there were no bubbles, which points to the absence of oxygen. This absence shows that unlike previous catalase, boiled catalase had no effect on the rate of reaction. The data supports the background information provided in the Introduction. The boiling of the catalase will alter its temperature above its optimal level, and that explains the significantly decreased reaction in the boiled catalase mixture compared to the catalase mixture. In Part 2B, the data represents the amount of H2O2 used in the reaction without enzyme catalysis, hence establishing the baseline. The collected data of initial reading and final reading was used to calculate the baseline of 4. 7mL KMnO4, which is proportional to the amount of H2O2. The 4 groups combined data as a class and took the average of the 4 baselines by liminating the highest and lowest number and taking the average of remaining 2 numbers. The established baseline was 4. 4mL. In the Charts A1 through B2 of Part 2D, the collected data of initial reading and final reading was used to calculate the amount of KMnO4 by subtracting the initial from the final. Since the amount of KMnO4 is proportional to the amount of H2O2 remaining, it was used to calculate the amount of H2O2 used in the reaction by subtracting it from the baseline. The computed data and the time intervals were graphed into 2 scatter plots separated by the type of catalase (pure and potato extract) with the lines of best fit drawn. The trend that should have shown in all 4 graphs was a steady increase from zero in the beginning and a gradual leveling off into a horizontal line towards the end. However, the actual results did not exactly come out as expected. In Graph A1, the data of Group 1 did steadily increase in the beginning, but the amount in 120 seconds was off and the data of Group 3 started with a negative amount, which went up and down throughout the time intervals. In Graph B1, the data of Group 2 started with a steady increase and slightly declined towards the end although the graph started at a negative number. In the same graph, the data of Group 4 also started negative and declined further, but it increased rapidly in the time intervals of 30-120 seconds and slightly declined at the end. Out of all the groups, the data of Group 2 was the most closest to the expected and the data of Group 4 was the most skewed. Overall, most groups had a line of best fit that began with a steady line that gradually smoothed out into a curve after, which matched the expected graph. Generally, the rate was the highest in the beginning from 0 to 120 seconds because that was when the H2O2 and catalase were first combined and the substrate molecules outnumber the enzyme, allowing the enzyme to collide with substrates more frequently. The rate was lowest towards the end after 120 seconds because that is a while after the hydrogen peroxide began to be decomposed and there is less of the substrate to bind with the enzyme, which means slower rate of reaction. This corresponds to the both graph’s line of best fit, which relatively supports the background information. The rate of enzyme activity on the reaction would decrease with lowered temperature since the lowered average kinetic energy of the molecules decrease the chances of the enzyme colliding and binding with the substrate. Also, the enzyme may be denatured with low enough temperature. The function of catalase is inhibited by sulfuric acid. The sulfuric acid removes the enzyme’s function as a catalyst by transfiguring the protein conformation, which is critical to the binding of the enzyme to its substrate because the specificity is entirely dependent on the structure. Part V – Error Analysis The data from Part 2D did not completely support the background information, which could be explained by errors that was made in the lab. One major error in the data was the negative amount of H2O2 used in the 10 second time interval with exception of Group 1. This may be the result of a human error made in the process of titration. A student may have had trouble controlling the amount of KMnO4 with the burette, unable to record the exact amount at which the color of the mixture changed and adding too much KMnO4. This would have resulted in larger amount of KMnO4 used, thus, leading to a smaller amount of H2O2 used in the solution, which could result in a negative number. Another major error was the up and down fluctuation in the graph drawn from the data of Group 3 and Group 4. This could be due to any measurement error made during the lab, such as the measurement for the sample used in the assay. The directions called for 5mL of the mixture to be titrated; however, students may have measured wrong or mistaken the amount to more or less than 5mL. The assay of more than 5mL would result in a smaller amount of H2O2 used and the assay of less than 5mL would result in a larger amount of H2O2 used, which would account for the incorrect fluctuation of the graphs. Part VI – Conclusions In this lab, I conclude the following: Part 2A: ?Catalase reacts with H2O2 and produced H2O and O2 while boiled catalase does not engage with the substrate. This is shown by the formation of bubbles in the catalase mixture and the absence of bubbles, which indicates absence of oxygen, in the boiled catalase mixture. The function of catalase is affected by temperature because the boiling of the catalase denatured its catalytic ability, thus leading to absence of bubbles in the boiled catalase mixture. Part 2B: ?The amount of H2O2 remaining in the catalyzed reaction is generally less than that in the established baseline due to faster rate in the decomposition. In the data of Group 1, the amount of KmnO4 (proportional to the remaining amount of H 2O2) is 4. 4mL, 4. 2mL, 3. 9mL, 4. 2mL, and 3. 9mL over different time intervals. They are less than or equal to the baseline of 4. 4mL. Part 2D: ?The rate of catalytic reaction changes over time; the rate is constant in the beginning and gradually decreases towards the end, leveling off into a curve from a line. This is best illustrated in the best fit line of Group 2 data in Graph B1. ?The rate is highest when the reaction begins and becomes lower as time passes. The slope of the linear portion of all graphs in the data is greater than the slope of the gradually curving graph with increasing time interval.

Free Essays on Famous Black Americans

Famous Black Americans During the month of February we focus our attention on famous black Americans as we celebrate black history month. When I think of them many come to mind. That makes it hard to choose just three from the powerful list. After reading several biographies the three that stuck out in my mind were Dred Scott, Harriet Tubman, Halle Berry. Dred Scott is known for suing for his freedom. According to the Missouri Compromise when his master traveled to Illinois (free state) for four years as an army surgeon, he brought Scott with him and Scott was suppose to be free. The court ruled that residence in a free state did not automatically make a slave free. In the meantime, Dr.Emerson (his master) died and his wife became Scott’s owner. She remarried abolitionist Calvin C. Chaffe of Massachusetts. He did not want to be known as a slave owner so Scott tried to bring his suit in federal court, out the Supreme Court decided against Scott because he was black and definitely not a citizen of Missouri. (his hometown) As set out by the Constitution, he had no rights in federal courts, temporary residence in a free state did not make a slave free and the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. This limited the power of congress to include slavery from any Northwest Territories that would subsequently apply for admission in the Union. The daughter of Harriet Greene and Benjamin Rass, who were not permitted to marry legally under the law s of slavery, Harriet Tubman lived a brutal childhood. She was often referred to as â€Å"stupid† and received standard whippings regarly. At 13 she was injured by her master, and as a result suffered from occasional blackouts for the rest of her life. At about age 25 she and her brothers planned an escape, but her brothers backed out at the last minute and left Tubman, not being able to read or write the leader of about 300 slaves escaping for freedom. Now she is referred to as the â€Å"conductor... Free Essays on Famous Black Americans Free Essays on Famous Black Americans Famous Black Americans During the month of February we focus our attention on famous black Americans as we celebrate black history month. When I think of them many come to mind. That makes it hard to choose just three from the powerful list. After reading several biographies the three that stuck out in my mind were Dred Scott, Harriet Tubman, Halle Berry. Dred Scott is known for suing for his freedom. According to the Missouri Compromise when his master traveled to Illinois (free state) for four years as an army surgeon, he brought Scott with him and Scott was suppose to be free. The court ruled that residence in a free state did not automatically make a slave free. In the meantime, Dr.Emerson (his master) died and his wife became Scott’s owner. She remarried abolitionist Calvin C. Chaffe of Massachusetts. He did not want to be known as a slave owner so Scott tried to bring his suit in federal court, out the Supreme Court decided against Scott because he was black and definitely not a citizen of Missouri. (his hometown) As set out by the Constitution, he had no rights in federal courts, temporary residence in a free state did not make a slave free and the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. This limited the power of congress to include slavery from any Northwest Territories that would subsequently apply for admission in the Union. The daughter of Harriet Greene and Benjamin Rass, who were not permitted to marry legally under the law s of slavery, Harriet Tubman lived a brutal childhood. She was often referred to as â€Å"stupid† and received standard whippings regarly. At 13 she was injured by her master, and as a result suffered from occasional blackouts for the rest of her life. At about age 25 she and her brothers planned an escape, but her brothers backed out at the last minute and left Tubman, not being able to read or write the leader of about 300 slaves escaping for freedom. Now she is referred to as the â€Å"conductor...

Name Meaning and Origin of Christensen

Name Meaning and Origin of Christensen Christensen literally means son of Christen, a common Danish variant of the given name Christian, which derives from the  Greek word xÏ ÃŽ ¹ÃÆ'Ï„Î ¹ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃÅ'Ï‚Â  (christianos), meaning follower of Christ. In Norway and Sweden, the -son variations such as Christenson and Kristenson are more common. Christensen is the 6th most popular surname in Denmark. Surname Origin:  Danish, Norwegian, North German Alternate Surname Spellings:  KRISTENSEN, CRESTENSEN, KRESTENSEN, CHRISTENSEN, KHRISTENSEN, CHRISTENSON, KRISTENSON, CHRISTIANSEN, KRISTIANSEN Famous People With the Surname Carlos Hugo Christensen, Argentine screenwriter, film director, and producerHelena Christensen, Danish supermodelHayden Christensen, Canadian-American actor and producerTom Kristensen, Danish poet, novelist, and journalist Genealogy Resources for the Surname Search Strategies for Common Last NamesUse these strategies for locating ancestors with common names like Christensen to help you research your CHRISTENSEN ancestors online. FamilySearch - CHRISTENSEN GenealogyAccess free historical records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Christensen surname. Source: Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 17

Assignment Example I will direct the preparation and implementation of a new communication tool for inter-office communication. My duties would include thepreparation of the final proposal, budgeting the whole process, staffing the required personnel and finally testing and launching the system. I will be given the task for supervising the introduction of the prototype of an events calendar which will help in reporting the upcoming events of the company to the community. If the prototype is successful, it will replace the current published calendar of events which appears in the company’s newspaper. The primary motive of my internship is to gain hands-on experience in the transformation process of a company’s department from a traditional, print-based department to a completely technologically advanced department with the application of electronic communication tools and techniques. I hope to implement my learning, during the internship period, to other organizations by supervising and helping them in introducing appropriate improvements that are cost effective and efficient. Among the numerous benefits of interning at Company X, the one and important benefit is the increased awareness and appreciation of the MEC program by my direct supervisor, and the President of the

Independent Study Jordanian Television Research Paper

Independent Study Jordanian Television - Research Paper Example is prohibited, as well as anything deemed to harm â€Å"the state’s reputation and dignity† (Library of Congress – Federal Research Division, 2006, 20). Fines, prosecutions, and also prison terms are often awarded, to keep the mass media under control. Informants and spies keep the government abreast of the nature of publications (on articles that are yet to be published, and on those that are already in circulation) and often the government applies regulations even before the article can be made public. The government sponsored media (in case of print media) is highly promoted, and television and radio face even more stringent regulations than the newspaper media; though the Internet functions somewhat more independently than all the others. In my article I will give an overview of the media in regards to the entire Middle East region, especially in Jordan; while focusing primarily on the television media in Jordan. My article will explore in detail the nature o f the television media that is functional in Jordan, in today’s context. Overview of the media in the Middle East: the Middle East regions have recently witnessed the free to air satellite TV launch, which is the latest addition in the still evolving media that we see there. Prior to the satellite TV era, it was mostly state owned newspapers, and other broadcasting services like radio and TV (terrestrial) that was used to broadcast news and programs.â€Å"Thus, Arab governments exercised a media monopoly and controlled the political narrative in the MENA region until the end of the 80s by shaping and influencing the opinions of the local population. More recently, technological innovations and the politics of marketing and advertising have resulted in a long-awaited democratization of the Arab media, opening new venues in the international market to the Arab press† (Kalliny, Arab Media: A Survey of an Imperfect Medium, 2010). The democratization of the Arab media has been a long drawn process, and